Molecular epidemiological characteristics of the virus in 96 children with acute diarrhea in Changdu of Tibet, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the molecular epidemiological characteristics of the virus in children with acute viral diarrhea in Changdu of Tibet, China.@*METHODS@#Fecal specimens were collected from 96 children with acute diarrhea who visited the People's Hospital of Changdu, Tibet, from November 2018 to November 2020 and were tested for adenovirus, norovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, and rotavirus. Gene sequencing was performed for the genotypes of these viruses.@*RESULTS@#The overall positive rate of the five viruses was 39% (37/96), among which astrovirus had the highest positive rate of 17%, followed by norovirus (9%), rotavirus (8%), adenovirus (7%), and sapovirus (5%). There was no significant difference in the positive rate of the five viruses among different age groups (P>0.05). Only the positive rate of astrovirus was significantly different among the four seasons (P<0.05). For adenovirus, 6 children had F41 type and 1 had C2 type; for norovirus, 6 had GⅠ.3 type, 1 had GⅠ.7 type, 1 had GⅡ.3 type, and 2 had GⅡ.4 Sydney_2012 type; HAstrV-1 type was observed in all children with astrovirus infection; for sapovirus, 1 child each had sporadic GⅠ.2, GⅠ.6, and GⅡ.1 sapovirus and 2 children had unknown type; 6 children had rotavirus G9[P8].@*CONCLUSIONS@#Astrovirus and norovirus are important pathogens in children with acute diarrhea in Changdu, Tibet. The positive rate of adenovirus, norovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, and rotavirus is not associated with age, and only the positive rate of astrovirus has obvious seasonality. F41 type is the dominant genotype of adenovirus; GⅠ.3 is the dominant genotype of norovirus; HAstrV-1 is the dominant genotype of astrovirus; sporadic GⅠ.2, GⅠ.6, and GⅡ.1 are the dominant genotypes of sapovirus; G9[P8] is the dominant genotype of rotavirus.

Construction of targeted cryptotanshinone liposomes and research on its in vitro anti-glioma effect / 药学学报

Cryptotanshinone (CPT), an active ingredient with the inhibitory effect on brain glioma cells, is trapped with poor solubility and low tumor permeability. Therefore, it is urgent to design nano drug delivery systems characterized with deep penetration and accurate targeting. In the present study, tLyp-1 modified liposomes loaded with CPT (tLipo/CPT) was prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method. Peptide tLyp-1 which targeting tumor angiogenesis and neuropilin receptors (NRP) was modified on surface of CPT liposomes, with the aim of active targeting brain glioma cells and further release CPT precisely. The size and polymer dispersity index (PDI) of tLipo/CPT were (162.2 ± 14.6) nm and 0.24 ± 0.03. The optimal molar ratio of tLyp-1 modified on CPT liposomes was 0.5% determined by intracellular fluorescence parameters. The morphology displayed a smooth sphericity structure as determined by transmission electron microscope. Efficiency of CPT encapsulated in tLipo/CPT was detected by high performance liquid chromatography. The encapsulation efficiency of CPT was (70.06 ± 7.22) %. Liposomes modified with tLyp-1 peptide (tLipo) were internalized more than liposomes not modified with tLyp-1 (Lipo) by GL261 cells. Fluorescence intensity of tLipo in GL261 cells increased 40% than that of Lipo. Furthermore, we proved that the intake of tLipo/CPT in GL261 cells was mediated by NRP-1 receptor. MTT analysis indicated that tLipo/CPT significantly inhibit the proliferation of GL261 cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 5.70 μmol·L-1. In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model experiment indicated that tLipo/CPT could penetration across BBB. Moreover, in vivo fluorescence biodistribution study indicated tail vein injection of DiR labeled tLipo after 0.5 h, DiR fluorescence could be observed in the brain of mice. Even after 24 h, DiR fluorescence still was observed in the brain. Our research certified that tLipo/CPT can penetrate the BBB and show effect of anti-glioma by inhibiting the proliferation of GL261 cells. The animal experiment was carried out in accordance with protocol evaluated and approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.

Evidence-based therapies of Chinese medicine for chronic urticaria: Where do we stand and where are we going? / 中国结合医学杂志

Chronic urticaria (CU) is characterized by repeated occurrence of wheals or itching for more than 6 weeks. When urticaria symptoms repeatedly occur despite taking Western medicines such as antihistamines, Chinese medicine (CM) has been shown to relieve symptoms and prevent recurrence. However, the lack of robust evidence from the evidence-based medicine perspective is hindering acceptance of CM by the Western medicine community. In recent years, more and more evidence-based studies of CU treatment by CM were report in English literatures, including acupuncture, herbs, and food, although some of evidence is still with low quality. These progress in CM treatment of CU will inspire high quality evidences via randomized, controlled trials assessing effificacy and safety of CM treatment of CU.

Preliminary application of Back-Propagation artificial neural network model on the prediction of infectious diarrhea incidence in Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish BP artificial neural network predicting model regarding the daily cases of infectious diarrhea in Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data regarding both the incidence of infectious diarrhea from 2005 to 2008 in Shanghai and meteorological factors including temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, duration of sunshine and wind speed within the same periods were collected and analyzed with the MatLab R2012b software. Meteorological factors that were correlated with infectious diarrhea were screened by Spearman correlation analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to remove the multi-colinearities between meteorological factors. Back-Propagation (BP) neural network was employed to establish related prediction models regarding the daily infectious diarrhea incidence, using artificial neural networks toolbox. The established models were evaluated through the fitting, predicting and forecasting processes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Data from Spearman correlation analysis indicated that the incidence of infectious diarrhea had a highly positive correlation with factors as daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, minimum relative humidity and average relative humidity in the previous two days (P < 0.01), and a relatively high negative correlation with the daily average air pressure in the previous two days (P < 0.01). Factors as mean absolute error, root mean square error, correlation coefficient(r), and the coefficient of determination (r(2)) of BP neural network model were established under the input of 4 meteorological principal components, extracted by PCA and used for training and prediction. Then appeared to be 4.7811, 6.8921,0.7918,0.8418 and 5.8163, 7.8062,0.7202,0.8180, respectively. The rate on mean error regarding the predictive value to actual incidence in 2008 was 5.30% and the forecasting precision reached 95.63% .</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Temperature and air pressure showed important impact on the incidence of infectious diarrhea. The BP neural network model had the advantages of low simulation forecasting errors and high forecasting hit rate that could ideally predict and forecast the effects on the incidence of infectious diarrhea.</p>

Dual effects of extract of Schisandra chinensis Baill on rat hepatic CYP3A / 药学学报

This study is to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of Schisandra chinensis Baill (WWZ), kadsurin, schisandrin A, schisandrin B and schisandrol B on rat hepatic CYP3A. Rats received a daily gavage of aqueous extract of WWZ for different times. The livers were harvested after gavage and subjected to microsome preparation. Microsomal CYP3A activity was determined by measuring the amount of the metabolite of testosterone (6 beta-hydroxytestosterone) with HPLC. Aqueous extract of WWZ, kadsurin and schisandrin A were incubated with microsomes obtained from rat. Microsomal CYP3A activity was determined by HPLC. Primary hepatocytes were separated and extracted from rat, then were treated with aqueous extract of WWZ, schisandrin A, schisandrin B and schisandrol B. Then, the expression of CYP3A1 mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR. As for the in vivo assay, aqueous extract of WWZ significantly inhibited the enzyme activity of CYP3A after 12 h gavage. The inhibitory effect was converted to inductive effect after 3-day gavage. Aqueous extract of WWZ could induce the enzyme activity of CYP3A after 6-day gavage. Aqueous extract of WWZ and kadsurin showed a dose-dependent inhibition of CYP3A (IC50 of 487.8 microg mL(-1) and 6.2 micromol L(-1), separately). In rat primary hepatocytes, aqueous extract of WWZ (2.5 mg mL(-1)), schisandrin A (0.1 micromol L(-1)), schisandrin B (0.1 micromol L(-1)) and schisandrol B (10 micromol L(-1)) increased significantly the expression of CYP3A1 mRNA by 23%, 55%, 42% and 27%, respectively. Aqueous extract of WWZ could show dual effect on the enzyme activity of CYP3A in rat in vivo. Meanwhile, kadsurin showed a dose-dependent inhibition of the enzyme activity of hepatic CYP3A in vitro. And schisandrin A, schisandrin B and schisandrol B showed significant inductive effect on the expression of rat CYP3A1 mRNA.

The role of oxidative stress in experimental diabetic neuropathy / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the role of oxidative stress in the initiation and development of diabetic neuropathy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The diabetic rats were induced with streptozotocin (STZ). The malondialdehyde (MDA) level, total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase activity were measured in the sciatic nerves at various stages of diabetes. The correlation of the MDA level and Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase activity was analyzed in diabetic rats. The pathological changes of sciatic nerve at diabetic various stages were examined by light microscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MDA level increased significantly in diabetic sciatic nerves as compared to controls at all time intervals. Total SOD activity increased significantly in diabetic sciatic nerves as compared to controls at one month of diabetes and progressively decreased at three/six months of diabetes. Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase activity progressively decreased at three/six months of diabetes. The correlation analysis indicated that the Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase activity was negative correlation with the MDA level in the diabetic rats. Histopathological study of the diabetic sciatic nerves showed that the pathological changes were observed at 3 months of diabetes, the changes were more serious as the diabetic duration was longer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Oxidative stress is found to occur during the early stages of STZ-induced diabetes (no neuropathy) and this state is maintained after initiation of neuropathy. The decreased Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase activity is associated with oxidative stress in the diabetic rats. Therefore, oxidative stress plays an important role in the initiation and development of diabetic neuropathy.</p>

Effects of folic acid, vitamin B(6) and vitamin B(12) on learning and memory function in cerebral ischemia rats / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of folic acid, vitamin B(6) and B(12) on plasma homocysteine and on learning and memory functions in focal cerebral ischemia rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. They were sham operation group (Sham OP), middle cerebral artery occlusion model group (MCAO), MCAO + folic acid group (MCAO + FA) and MCAO + compound vitamin (folate, vitamin B(6) and B(12)) group (MCAO + CV). Plasma homocysteine was measured before and after supplementation and after ischemia.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The level of plasma homocysteine in MCAO + FA and MCAO + CV groups were significantly lower than those in Sham OP and MCAO groups after supplementation and ischemia (6.92 +/- 1.04) micromol/L and (5.49 +/- 1.00) micromol/L vs (9.33 +/- 1.11) micromol/L, (10.90 +/- 2.03 micromol/L), P < 0.05. While in MCAO + CV group was lower than that in MCAO + FA group (5.49 +/- 1.00) micromol/L vs (6.92 +/- 1.04) micromol/L, P < 0.05. The neurological deficit scores and shock times in Y-type maze of MCAO + FA and MCAO + CV groups were lower than those in MCAO group (1.75 +/- 0.46 and 1.38 +/- 0.52 vs 2.62 +/- 0.52; 123.50 +/- 39.77 and 86.25 +/- 21.39 vs 173.25 +/- 46.32, P < 0.05). The correct times of MCAO + CV group in Y-type maze was higher than that in MCAO group (3.75 +/- 0.42 vs 2.12 +/- 0.45, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Folic acid intake could not only reduce plasma homocysteine concentration but also promote the recovery of the learning and memory functions of rats with cerebral ischemia. The effects of folic acid combined with vitamin B(6) and vitamin B(12) on cerebral ischemia rats was better than that of single folate.</p>

Meta-analysis on the effect and adverse reaction on patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the rate of efficacy and adverse drug reaction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the population with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, based on available clinical data.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using Meta analysis to evaluate the data of effect and safety profile of NSAIDs from 19 articles on randomized clinical trials published from 1990 to 2001 in Chinese journals. The total number of patients enrolled for evaluation on rates of effectiveness and adverse drug reaction were 1 732 and 2 925, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Data on the effect and safety were comparatively heterogeneous among different kinds of NSAIDs. The effective rates (95% CI) were as follows: nabunetone, 66.7% (61.9% - 71.4%); meloxicam, 68.4% (59.2% - 77.6%); naproxen, 64.5% (59.8% - 69.1%); nimesulide, 79.8% (75.7% - 84.0%); ibuprofen, 77.2% (70.7% - 83.8%); diclofenac, 77.1% (69.2% - 85.0%); oxaprozin, 65.8% (59.5% - 72.0%). Rates of adverse drug reaction (95% CI) were as follows: nabunetone, 16.3% (12.5% - 20.0%); meloxicam, 10.2% (4.2% - 16.2%); naproxen, 29.2% (24.8% - 33.6%); nimesulide, 20.2% (16.0% - 24.3%); ibuprofen, 16.7% (14.7% - 18.8%); diclofenac, 19.3% (11.9% - 26.7%); oxaprozin, 12.7% (8.9% - 16.7%) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rates of effect and adverse reaction on patients having osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis with NSAIDs treatment would largely depend on the drugs being used. Within 2 - 8 weeks of treatment, the effective rate and rate of adverse drug reaction with commonly used NSAIDs as nabumeton, meloxicam, etc., were 59.2% - 85.0% and 4.2% - 33.6%, respectively.</p>